Embark DNA tested for genetic diseases and breed background. Missi is a lower content American Wolfdog x Czechoslovakian Wolfdog, imported from Europe as a foundation bitch for the Watermill Wolves breeding programme. Missi is super sweet, cuddly and gentle with her human family, but is more reserved (but not panicky) with strangers.Wolf Hybrid Dog Breeder. in USA SAINT IGNATIUS, MT, US. Gold breeder. Winter Mountain Timber Dogs. Winter Mountain Timber Dogs is located in the great state of Tennessee, where our packs enjoy over 9 acres of rolling hills …The Czechoslovakian Vlcak is a primitive breed of dog with a dominant and independent personality and so requires a different approach to training. Consistency and patience is a must. The CSV is ...Vidor, TX 77662. Registered Wolf Dog Pups. Registered Wolf Dog Hybrid Puppies. Parents on premises, father registered Alaskan Gray Wolf, mom registered White German Shepard. This is their 3rd litter... 9 Years. $400. Mmustillo89. Houston, TX 77069.There is no specific name female wolves, but sometimes they are referred to as she-wolves. Together with the alpha male, the female leads the wolf pack. The alpha male and female wolves in a pack are the only ones that breed to produce new ...Adorable male and female Wolf Hybrids puppies available for new homes $500 Conroe, Texas Wolfdog Puppies. wolf hybrid for sale $2,000 Eugene, Oregon Wolfdog Puppies.Dec 5, 2018 · Australia Worldwide Europe Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway A wolf-dog hybrid is stunning people on TikTok, with users unable to believe the 12-week-old puppy's size. Dr. Lindsay Butzer (@dr_lindsaybutzer)—a small animal veterinarian—recently shared a ...Find Wolf Hybrid Puppies for Sale and Wolf Hybrid Dogs for Adoption in Florida, USA dog classifieds directory or advertise your Wolf Hybrid puppies and Wolf Hybrid dog litters in Florida, USA free. If you are a Wolf Hybrid dog breeder in Florida, USA trying to sell your Wolf Hybrid puppy, puppyfidner.com is a great place to get the …Mar 7, 2022 · The Kugsha Wolf dog, or Amerindian Malamute, was first called the American Husky. Very little is known about the Kugsha dog, except that it seems to hail from three wolf hybrid breeders in Pennsylvania. Owners say that Kugsha puppies are incredibly intelligent with a longer attention span than the average young dog. The current median price of Wolf Hybrids in Tennessee is $850.00. This is the price you can expect to pay for the Wolf Hybrid breed without breeding rights. If you require a pup with breeding rights or for show quality with a top pedigree then expect to pay from $1,700 upwards to $2,000 or even more. The average cost for all Wolf Hybrids sold ... The known true dog hybrids are: Wolfdogs: A mix between a domestic dog and a wolf (Canis lupus), these are the best-known dog hybrids. Wolf-dogs can occur in the wild, though this isn’t common, as wolves and dogs generally have a contentious relationship. Wolves even predate on dogs from time to time.American Alsatian History: The Dire Wolf Project. During the rise of interest in wolfdogs in 1987, Lois Denny (now Lois Schwarz) wanted a wolf-looking canine without the wolf blood since the hybrids proved to be difficult pets. Schwarz specifically chose the dire wolf to create a wolf-like companion dog, hence the name of the project.For sales please contact Cindy 352-516-2843 or email: [email protected] 29, 2019 · A wolf-dog that has mostly dog characteristics is likely to make a fine pet for the right owner. While a hybrid that has a lot of wolf traits may be a challenge for even the most experienced dog owner. Wild canids are built to travel great distances in search of food. Wolf-dogs retain these same instincts, which can often lead to problems in a ... Apr 18, 2023 · Wolf-dog hybrids often capture attention, from a TikTok-famous 12-week-old puppy to a wolf dog that created her own "winter den" in another viral video. But Young explained that he wishes people ... Sep 30, 2021 · The original wolf-dogs that produced the first generation of Blue Bay Shepherds were about 50-60% wolf. They are currently about 6% wolf. 6% is ideal in order for them to behave more like dogs, and less like wolves. The more wolf a dog has, the more timid and potentially aggressive they can be towards strangers. 2. Wolf Hybrid Dog Breeder. in USA SAINT IGNATIUS, MT, US. Gold breeder. Just Wright Canids. Breeder of Psychiatric Service Dogs, Protection Dogs, Family Dogs, Wolf Dogs and working on Coydogs. Find us on FB: Just Wright Canids. .beaconfirefarm/jwc. Goldendoodle ...In terms of size, Native American Indian dogs can grow up to be big, reaching large to giant size when full-grown. An adult NAID can reach a full height of 23 to 34 inches (58 to 67 cm) and an average weight of between 55 to 120 lbs (25 to 55 kg). Most of these dogs have thick, fluffy coats that may be short or long.Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Bridgeport, Hartford, New Haven in Connecticut as well as all locations throughout United States, Canada and Mexico. 3. Basenji. This “barkless” dog may sound more like a coyote than a wolf with its clear yodel, but it still harks back to its wolf ancestors. Although small, this African pooch has the agility ...Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Buffalo, New York City, Rochester, Syracuse in New York as well as all locations …Surprisingly, wolfdogs are shy animals. In fact, experts point out that they have neophobic tendencies — meaning they will be afraid of new experiences. This characteristic wolfdog temperament ...Requirements are specific to each individual animal. General requirements for adoption and placement of our canines are as follows: • Completion of on-line Adoption application • The presence of a canine who will be a companion with your adopted animal and share his enclosure. • Spacious, secure containment, minimum 6 feet high • Phone number of …Wolf hybrid puppies. 13,759 likes. Family raised Wolf Hybrid Puppies. Our litter box is empty at the moment. But check back with us! May 22, 2023 · Shikoku. The Shikoku is a fairly rare Japanese dog breed. The Shikoku is a Japanese dog breed, which is also known as the Kochi Ken or the Japanese Wolfdog. This is because his head looks similar to a wolf’s head, and he used to live in the mountains of Japan hunting wild boar and other game. Myth: The Wolf Dog hybrid is an excellent guard dog. Truth: Wolves are shy by nature, so if aggression is shown it is usually in response to fear. A fearful reaction is an unpredictable one, which is dangerous. Myth: A …Tamaskan Dogs are a rare wolf look-alike companion dog breed that ranges from 0% to roughly 30% Gray Wolf. We are registered Tamaskan Dog breeders with the Tamaskan Dog Register (TDR) and the American Rare Breed Association (ARBA). Our registered kennel name is Tamaskans of the Ebon Blade.This is a list of true wolf dog hybrids and those breeds of domesticated dogs that are closest to the wild wolf in terms of appearance and behavior.Smokey 4-1/2 week old wolf hybrid pup, ready soon on May 1st. Parents on-site. Father is a 62 Arctic wolf and German shepherd mix, and mother is a 70 Timber wolf... 5 Years: $850: spiritwolf Punta Gorda, FL 33982-8241: Apollo Female pup 9 weeks. Beautiful, mid size low content, DNA verified Mother, Raised with small children, and lots of love. The gray wolf has very few predators. Since coyotes and wolves are territorial, other coyote or wolf packs may occasionally kill a young wolf. They also kill pups, which is why the mother wolf keeps them well hidden.Wolfdog hybrid. A Czechoslovakian Wolfdog. The domestic dog ( Canis familiaris) is a domesticated species of the gray wolf ( Canis lupus ), along with the dingo ( Canis familiaris ). Therefore, crosses between these species are biologically unremarkable and not a hybridization in the same sense as an interbreeding between different species of ...06-Jan-2023 ... 119K Likes, 1.3K Comments. TikTok video from Dr. Lindsay Butzer (@dr_lindsaybutzer): "Wolf Hybrid puppy! • #wolf #wolfhybrid #wolfpuppy ...If you’re looking to add a Shetland Sheepdog (Sheltie) to your family, it’s important to find a reputable breeder. A good breeder will be knowledgeable about the breed, provide healthy puppies, and be willing to answer any questions you hav...We offer hybrid wolfdogs for sale at Frazier Farms Exotics. Wolf dog hybrids are the result of a domestic dog breeding with a gray wolf, eastern timber wolf, red wolf or an ethiopian wolf producing a hybrid. We offer 75% mid content hybrid wolfdogs and 95% high content hybrid wolf dogs for sale.Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the ... and working ability. We are dedicated to delivering all of the best qualities these dogs have to offer. We are Everywhere. Whether you live near the cities of Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis ...Beagle x Shih Tzu. Bea-Tzu. Beagle x West Highland White Terrier. West of Argyll Terrier. Bearded Collie x Dalmatian. Bodacion. Belgian Malinois x German Shepherd Dog. Malinois. Bernese Mountain Dog x Border Collie.The male Husky wolf mix weighs between 85 and 155 pounds, and the female Wolfdog weighs between 75 and 130 pounds. The male Husky wolf hybrid will measure between 26 and 33 inches tall, from paw to shoulder, and the female will measure between 25 and 32 inches tall. The Husky wolf mix will usually inherit the golden-brown eyes of …A wolf dog is a combination of wolf and dog. A Wolfdog, also known as a ‘wolf hybrid’, is simply a dog that has wolf in its family history. While it is widely understood that all dog breeds have descended from the wolf, a Wolfdog has pure wolf recently in its background, such as a parent or great grandparent (Whereas your family dog may ...PuppyFinder.com is your source for finding a Wolf Hybrid Verified Dog Breeders in Colorado, USA area. Browse thru our ID Verified Dog Breeders listings to find your perfect breeder in your area. / Showing: 1 - 1 of 1. Member since: 11/02/2017. Kings Exotic Tresures.Oct 12, 2018 · Virginia law regulates the ownership of such hybrid dogs. Call Us: (804) 477-1720. Make an Appointment. Jacob Tingen. Published: October 12, 2018. Last Updated: March 22, 2023. Other. A hybrid canine is a mix of a domesticated dog and a wolf, coyote, or another type of wild canine. Having a hybrid canine as a pet is a controversial issue ... Adopting a puppy is a big decision, and it’s important to make sure that you are getting the best possible pup for your family. One of the best ways to ensure that you are getting a healthy, well-socialized puppy is by buying from a local b...Overview Before purchasing a Wolf Hybrid it is extremely important to check State and Local laws. The Wolf Hybrid is typically referred to as "WolfDog". They are a cross of an Arctic Wolf with a large dog breed. Character The Wolf Hybrid is generally well-proportioned and very large. They possess long limbs, are agile, and muscular.6 Years. $400. 1. 2. We offer 25 Wolf Dog puppies for sale in Arizona. These Wolf Dog puppies located in Arizona come from different cities, including, VAIL, TUCSON, Peoria, MESA.They are a cross of an Arctic Wolf with a large dog breed. Character. The Wolf Hybrid is generally well-proportioned and very large. They possess long limbs, ...Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Bridgeport, Hartford, New Haven in Connecticut as well as all locations throughout United States, Canada and Mexico. Wolf Hybrid Dog Breeder. in USA SAINT IGNATIUS, MT, US. Gold breeder. Winter Mountain Timber Dogs. Winter Mountain Timber Dogs is located in the great state of ... Find Wolf Hybrid Puppies for Sale and Wolf Hybrid Dogs for Adoption in Florida, USA dog classifieds directory or advertise your Wolf Hybrid puppies and Wolf Hybrid dog litters in Florida, USA free. If you are a Wolf Hybrid dog breeder in Florida, USA trying to sell your Wolf Hybrid puppy, puppyfidner.com is a great place to get the …Male, 7 Weeks Old. United Kingdom Manchester, GTM, GB. $1,200*. Europe. Americas. Asia Pacific. Browse thru Wolf Hybrid Puppies for Sale near Jacksonville, Florida, USA area listings on PuppyFinder.com to find your perfect puppy. If you are unable to find your Wolf Hybrid puppy in our Puppy for Sale or Dog for Sale …9 Years. $1,000. shispari. Littleton, CO 80127. Cubs ready for New Home end of April. Our in-home, very socialized wolf dogs have now had their first litter of 7 cubs Mom is a Black Phase Timber mixed with Malamute and Dad is Grey Timber ... 9 Years. $800. We offer 4 Wolf Dog puppies for sale in Colorado.Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Buffalo, New York City, Rochester, Syracuse in New York as well as all locations …Low wolf-content wolfdogs rarely have these problems any more strongly or significantly than any other large- breed dog. Health: Wolf-dog hybrids are generally ...A wolf hybrid puppy will cost between $1000 and $3000 and entails much more of a commitment to research and care than other dog breeds. You should look for the same qualities as you would a purebred dog if you are set on owning a wolfdog. Choose pups that are bright-eyed, alert, and active. Mixed. Age. Puppy. Color. White. Very Rare White Arctic Wolfdog Puppies for sale High Content Arctic Wolf 95+% Ready to go to new homes NOW located in Montebello Virginia , shipping…. View Details. $2,500. Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield in Missouri as well as all locations throughout …Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Charlotte, Durham, Greensboro, Raleigh, Wilmington, Winston-Salem in North Carolina as well as all locations throughout United States, Canada and Mexico.Dog Group: Working. Size: 20-24 inches tall, 35-60 lbs. Lifespan: 12-14 years. Energy Level: High. Coat: Thick and medium-length. Shedding: Heavy. Hypoallergenic: No. History: Despite common misconception, the Siberian Husky is not a descendent of the wolf. The Husky was actually developed by the Chukchi people, a tribe of nomads from Siberia.Yamnuska Wolfdog Sanctuary currently has 43 wolfdogs and any number of wolfdogs available for adoption. Our wolfdog ambassadors are the wolfdogs that take front and center stage at events and Sanctuary interactions to help educate the public about their unique nature and the importance of wolf conservation. Meet our wolfdogs. These wolfdog puppies are the 'real deal' and will grow up to be like their older siblings Frosty Bear and Toothless. They will share their magical combination ...Czechoslovakian Wolfdog Australia, Wollongong, New South Wales. 3,063 likes · 3 talking about this. We are a Czechoslovakian Wolfdog owners in New South Wales Australia. Our dogs are purebred with pedWolf-dog hybrids are interesting and intelligent animals. They are produced by breeding a wolf with any of a variety of domestic dogs, including Akitas, German shepherds, Alaskan Malamutes, and huskies. The blend of wild and domestic genes in wolf-dog hybrids, however, gives rise to a complicated mosaic of disposition and instinct.Many breeders require potential buyers to prove that they live in an area that is legal to own wolfdogs.. In legal terms, wolfdogs are often referred to as “wolf hybrids”—this term generally refers to all generations and percentages of wolf-mixed dogs unless specifically stated otherwise in a particular law.Tamaskan Dogs are a rare wolf look-alike companion dog breed that ranges from 0% to roughly 30% Gray Wolf. We are registered Tamaskan Dog breeders with the Tamaskan Dog Register (TDR) and the American Rare Breed Association (ARBA). Our registered kennel name is Tamaskans of the Ebon Blade.The male Husky wolf mix weighs between 85 and 155 pounds, and the female Wolfdog weighs between 75 and 130 pounds. The male Husky wolf hybrid will measure between 26 and 33 inches tall, from paw to shoulder, and the female will measure between 25 and 32 inches tall. The Husky wolf mix will usually inherit the golden-brown eyes of …The Czechoslovakian Vlcak is a primitive breed of dog with a dominant and independent personality and so requires a different approach to training. Consistency and patience is a must. The CSV is ...The lower content wolf dogs will be a bit shorter and the higher content wolf dog will be a bit taller. The average weight of an adult wolf dog is about 60-120 pounds. But it is actually unusual to get that much taller and very rarely seen in that much height. Health Problems: Normally wolf dogs are a very healthy dog breed.The BC SPCA is opposed to keeping, breeding and importing wolf-dog hybrids as pets. Cross-breeding a wolf and dog counteracts 12,000 years of domestication. These animals are difficult to train and contain, develop stereotypies in captivity, and often show aggression toward other animals and humans.587-890-WOLF (9653) call. yamnuskawolfdog [email protected]. Email. 263156 Range Rd 53, Rocky View County, Alberta, Canada. Map. Visit Us About Us Shop Support Us Wolfdogs Visitor Rules Rescue Location. Yamnuska Wolfdog Sanctuary is a non-profit dedicated to educating the public on responsible wolfdog ownership.Rare Breed Exotics is a small family of cats, dogs and humans. All of our animals are raised in a very rare, hands-on social environment. It is not uncommon to see exotic felines cuddling and sleeping with wolf dogs and Tibetan Mastiffs in our home. We pride ourselves on breeding beautiful animals that grow up to make amazing, well socialized pets.A wolf hybrid is the offspring of a breeding between a wolf (Canes lupus) and a dog (Canis familiaris). Breeding is possible since wolves and dogs are closely related genetically. When considering the wolf hybrid, one cannot avoid discussing both the wolf and the dog.Wolf-dog hybrids are popular pets, but housing a wild animal in your backyard or walking it on a leash when it was meant to roam free is just plain wrong. The Yamnuska Wolfdog Sanctuary in Alberta, Canada, oversees the rescue and safe sanctuary for wolfdogs that have been neglected, abandoned or otherwise displaced. Photo: …Wolf hybrid dogs are produced by crossbreeding a wolf with a wide range of purebred dogs, including huskies, German shepherds, Akitas, and Alaskan Malamutes …American Alsatian History: The Dire Wolf Project. During the rise of interest in wolfdogs in 1987, Lois Denny (now Lois Schwarz) wanted a wolf-looking canine without the wolf blood since the hybrids proved to be difficult pets. Schwarz specifically chose the dire wolf to create a wolf-like companion dog, hence the name of the project.PuppyFinder.com is your source for finding a Wolf Hybrid Verified Dog Breeders in Colorado, USA area. Browse thru our ID Verified Dog Breeders listings to find your perfect breeder in your area. / Showing: 1 - 1 of 1. Member since: 11/02/2017. Kings Exotic Tresures.A wolf hybrid puppy will cost between $1000 and $3000 and entails much more of a commitment to research and care than other dog breeds. You should look for the same qualities as you would a purebred dog if you are set on owning a wolfdog. Choose pups that are bright-eyed, alert, and active.ADN-688067. wolf hybrid for sale. wolf hybrid for sale. $2,000. Litter of 2. Wolf Hybrid. Male (s) and Female (s), On the way. USA BECKLEY, WV, USA. Date listed: 10/04/2023. Tags: wolf pups wolf wolves wolf bab puppies wolf dog wolf hybrid wolves puppies wolf hybrid wolf babies.There is no designated term for a male wolf. In terms of canines and breeding, a male can be called a sire while a female is called a bitch. It’s a common misconception that the term “alpha” signifies masculinity. In a wolf pack, this desig...Wolf hybrid dogs are produced by crossbreeding a wolf with a wide range of purebred dogs, including huskies, German shepherds, Akitas, and Alaskan Malamutes among others. However, blending wild wolf genes with domestic dog genes often results in an assortment of temperaments and instincts.Jan 31, 2021 · Welcome to hybrid wolf puppies . We are located in Belington, WV. Visit our site on Pets4You for more info, prices and photos of our Wolfdog. Low wolf-content wolfdogs rarely have these problems any more strongly or significantly than any other large- breed dog. Health: Wolf-dog hybrids are generally ...Wolf Hybrid Puppies for Sale from California Breeders Wolf Hybrid Puppies for Sale near California Home / Dog Breeds / Dog Breeds / Puppies For Sale / Wolf Hybrid / Puppies for Sale near California + Crystal Wolf Hybrid Female, 35 weeks Sacramento, California Learn more + Snowflake Wolf Hybrid Female, 35 weeks Sacramento, California Learn more
The Irish Wolfadoodle is a Doodle breed created by crossing an Irish Wolfhound with a Poodle. The result of this crossbreed is generally a large, strong, loyal, and devoted dog that loves to please its owners. It is also known as the Irish Wolfoodle or Irish Wolfdoodle. They tend to have the patience and laid-back nature of an Irish …. Crime scene photos ted bumdy
Pups. Bullet. Tracer. Skywalker. Tracer. (520) 256-5803. [email protected]. At Wolf Hybrid Oasis in SE AZ, with over 20 years experience, our family can help you find …3. Basenji. This “barkless” dog may sound more like a coyote than a wolf with its clear yodel, but it still harks back to its wolf ancestors. Although small, this African pooch has the agility ...Wolf Hybrid Dog Breeders, Akna K9 Academy, Howler Hybrid Wolves, Jindo Pups Rare, King Wolf/Hybrids, Malamute/Wolf Pups, Western Wolf Husky Pack, ...A wolf-dog that has mostly dog characteristics is likely to make a fine pet for the right owner. While a hybrid that has a lot of wolf traits may be a challenge for even the most experienced dog owner. Wild canids are built to travel great distances in search of food. Wolf-dogs retain these same instincts, which can often lead to problems in a ...If you’re in the market for a small dog, one option you may consider is buying from a local breeder. While there are certainly benefits to this approach, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons before making a decision.Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Buffalo, New York City, Rochester, Syracuse in New York as well as all locations throughout United States, Canada and Mexico. TEMPERAMENT. Generally wolf dogs are easy to house break, anywhere from 2 days to 2 weeks from the reports we get back. Our puppy packets include a training sheet on how to teach them not to chew on anything that doesn’t belong to them, which we have had excellent success for the last 25 years. A wolf’s brain is larger than a dog’s, which ...Underneath, the genotype, the puppies that look poodle could still be 40% or more wolf. In aggression, brain function, immune system, etc. And vice versa, the wolf looking puppies could be genotypically more poodle than wolf. But then the wolf looking puppies could be 80% wolf just like they look. You can’t know. Only the F1 is 50/50.Meet 11 wolf-dog hybrids that are beautiful, strong, and look like a wolf. Wolf dogs are strong, athletic, healthy dogs that resemble wolves—learn all about the history and characteristics of these special breeds. ... Breeder: Developed by Chinese dog breeders on demand of the Chinese military; Native/originated from: China; Breed …Yadkin Wolfden Is A Wolf Hybrid Breeder That Offers Wolf Hybrid Puppies For Sale, Wolf Hybrids For Sale, And Wolf Hybrid Breeder serving the cities of Jacksonville, Miami, Orlando, St. Petersburg, Tampa in Florida as well as all locations throughout United States, Canada and Mexico.Adorable male and female Wolf Hybrids puppies available for new homes $500 Conroe, Texas Wolfdog Puppies. wolf hybrid for sale $2,000 Eugene, Oregon Wolfdog Puppies. Husky wolf mix Fort Worth, Texas Wolfdog Puppies. Husky timberwolf mix dad full white husky blue eyes morher 3/4 timberwDog Group: Working. Size: 20-24 inches tall, 35-60 lbs. Lifespan: 12-14 years. Energy Level: High. Coat: Thick and medium-length. Shedding: Heavy. Hypoallergenic: No. History: Despite common misconception, the Siberian Husky is not a descendent of the wolf. The Husky was actually developed by the Chukchi people, a tribe of nomads from Siberia..